{"id":20477,"date":"2024-03-23T21:32:07","date_gmt":"2024-03-23T20:32:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.bmscience.net\/blog\/?p=20477"},"modified":"2025-12-02T18:18:36","modified_gmt":"2025-12-02T17:18:36","slug":"radionuclidi-emettitori-di-positroni-e-chimica-di-base","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bmscience.net\/blog\/radionuclidi-emettitori-di-positroni-e-chimica-di-base\/","title":{"rendered":"Radionuclidi emettitori di positroni e chimica di base"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>La radiochimica PET comporta la produzione dei radionuclidi emettitori di \u03b2<sup>+<\/sup> e la purificazione e incorporazione del radionuclide emettitore di \u03b2<sup>+<\/sup> nel <strong>radiotracciante diagnostico<\/strong>. Tre caratteristiche principali del radionuclide dipendono dalla metodologia utilizzata:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>la forma chimica del radionuclide;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>l&#8217;attivit\u00e0 specifica;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>le impurit\u00e0 radionuclidiche e\/o radiochimiche.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Attualmente \u00e8 possibile fare affidamento su una serie di blocchi costruttivi radiochimici, basati sui radionuclidi &#8220;fisiologici&#8221;. <\/p>\n\n\n<h2 id=\"tablepress-35-name\" class=\"tablepress-table-name tablepress-table-name-id-35\">Reazioni nucleari e Forme Chimiche pi\u00f9 Comuni dei Radionuclidi Emettitori di Positroni<\/h2>\n\n<table id=\"tablepress-35\" class=\"tablepress tablepress-id-35 tbody-has-connected-cells\" aria-labelledby=\"tablepress-35-name\" aria-describedby=\"tablepress-35-description\">\n<thead>\n<tr class=\"row-1\">\n\t<th class=\"column-1\"><center><strong>Radionuclide<\/strong><\/center><\/th><th class=\"column-2\"><center><strong>Reazione nucleare<\/strong><\/center><\/th><th class=\"column-3\"><center><strong>Composizione del bersaglio<\/strong><\/center><\/th><th class=\"column-4\"><center><strong> Energia delle Particelle (MeV) <\/strong><\/center><\/th><th class=\"column-5\"><center><strong> Principali Forme Chimiche <\/strong><\/center><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody class=\"row-striping row-hover\">\n<tr class=\"row-2\">\n\t<td rowspan=\"3\" class=\"column-1\">Ossigeno-15 (<sup>15<\/sup>O)<\/td><td class=\"column-2\"><center><sup>15<\/sup>N(p,n)<sup>15<\/sup>O<\/center><\/td><td class=\"column-3\"><center><sup>15<\/sup>N<sub>2<\/sub> (+O<sub>2<\/sub> in tracce)<\/center><\/td><td class=\"column-4\"><center>10<\/center><\/td><td rowspan=\"2\" class=\"column-5\"><center><sup>15<\/sup>O<sub>2<\/sub> <\/center><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-3\">\n\t<td rowspan=\"2\" class=\"column-2\"><center><sup>14<\/sup>N(d,n)<sup>15<\/sup>O<\/center><\/td><td class=\"column-3\"><center><sup>15<\/sup>N<sub>2<\/sub> (+O<sub>2<\/sub> 1-3%)<\/center><\/td><td class=\"column-4\"><center>8<\/center><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-4\">\n\t<td class=\"column-3\"><center><sup>15<\/sup>N<sub>2<\/sub> (+CO<sub>2<\/sub> 1-3%)<\/center><\/td><td class=\"column-4\"><center>8<\/center><\/td><td class=\"column-5\"><center>C<sup>15<\/sup>O<sub>2<\/sub> <\/center><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-5\">\n\t<td rowspan=\"2\" class=\"column-1\">Azoto-13 (<sup>13<\/sup>N)<\/td><td rowspan=\"2\" class=\"column-2\"><center><sup>16<\/sup>O(p,\u03b1)<sup>3<\/sup>N<\/center><\/td><td class=\"column-3\"><center>H<sub>2<\/sub><sup>16<\/sup>O <\/center><\/td><td class=\"column-4\"><center>11 &#8211; 18<\/center><\/td><td class=\"column-5\"><center><sup>13<\/sup>NO<sub>2<\/sub> + <sup>13<\/sup>NO<sub>3<\/sub><\/center><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-6\">\n\t<td class=\"column-3\"><center>H<sub>2<\/sub><sup>16<\/sup>O  + Etanolo<\/center><\/td><td class=\"column-4\"><center>11 &#8211; 18<\/center><\/td><td class=\"column-5\"><center><sup>13<\/sup>NH<sub>3<\/sub><\/center><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-7\">\n\t<td rowspan=\"2\" class=\"column-1\">Carbonio-11 (<sup>11<\/sup>C)<\/td><td rowspan=\"2\" class=\"column-2\"><center><sup>14<\/sup>N(p,\u03b1)<sup>11<\/sup>C<\/center><\/td><td class=\"column-3\"><center><sup>14<\/sup>N<sub>2<\/sub> (+O<sub>2<\/sub> in tracce)<\/center><\/td><td class=\"column-4\"><center>10 &#8211; 13<\/center><\/td><td class=\"column-5\"><center><sup>11<\/sup>CO<sub>2<\/sub> + <sup>11<\/sup>CO<\/center><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-8\">\n\t<td class=\"column-3\"><center><sup>14<\/sup>N<sub>2<\/sub> (+H<sub>2<\/sub> 2-5%)<\/center><\/td><td class=\"column-4\"><center>10 &#8211; 13<\/center><\/td><td class=\"column-5\"><center><sup>11<\/sup>CH<sub>4<\/sub><\/center><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-9\">\n\t<td rowspan=\"2\" class=\"column-1\">Fluoro-18 (<sup>18<\/sup>F)<\/td><td class=\"column-2\"><center><sup>18<\/sup>O(p,n)<sup>18<\/sup>F<\/center><\/td><td class=\"column-3\"><center>H<sub>2<\/sub><sup>18<\/sup>O<\/center><\/td><td class=\"column-4\"><center>7 &#8211; 18<\/center><\/td><td class=\"column-5\"><center>H<sup>18<\/sup>F<\/center><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-10\">\n\t<td class=\"column-2\"><center><sup>20<\/sup>Ne(d,\u03b1)<sup>18<\/sup>F<\/center><\/td><td class=\"column-3\"><center><sup>20<\/sup>Ne + 0.5-1% <sup>19<\/sup>F<sub>2<\/sub><\/center><\/td><td class=\"column-4\"><center>8 &#8211; 14<\/center><\/td><td class=\"column-5\"><center> <sup>18<\/sup>F<sub>2<\/sub> (+ <sup>19<\/sup>F<sub>2<\/sub>)<\/center><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<span id=\"tablepress-35-description\" class=\"tablepress-table-description tablepress-table-description-id-35\">Formalismo adottato per descrivere le reazioni nucleari: A(x,y)B, dove A \u00e8 il nuclide bersaglio; B \u00e8 il nuclide prodotto; x \u00e8 la particella bombardante; y sono le particelle emesse.<\/span>\n<!-- #tablepress-35 from cache -->\n\n<div id=\"bmscience897718514\" style=\"margin-top: 15px;margin-bottom: 15px;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/amzn.to\/4joQjH8\" target=\"_blank\" aria-label=\"37c58f2d-54f9-4751-924f-6377c6d7315b._CR0,0,3000,600_SX1920_\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/bmscience.net\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/37c58f2d-54f9-4751-924f-6377c6d7315b._CR003000600_SX1920_.jpg\" alt=\"\"  srcset=\"https:\/\/bmscience.net\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/37c58f2d-54f9-4751-924f-6377c6d7315b._CR003000600_SX1920_.jpg 1920w, https:\/\/bmscience.net\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/37c58f2d-54f9-4751-924f-6377c6d7315b._CR003000600_SX1920_-300x60.jpg 300w, https:\/\/bmscience.net\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/37c58f2d-54f9-4751-924f-6377c6d7315b._CR003000600_SX1920_-1024x205.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/bmscience.net\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/37c58f2d-54f9-4751-924f-6377c6d7315b._CR003000600_SX1920_-768x154.jpg 768w, https:\/\/bmscience.net\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/37c58f2d-54f9-4751-924f-6377c6d7315b._CR003000600_SX1920_-1536x307.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" width=\"1920\" height=\"384\"  style=\"display: inline-block;\" \/><\/a><\/div>\n\n\n<p>Diversi radionuclidi sono attualmente presi in considerazione per ulteriori sviluppi al fine di affrontare le innovazioni nella <strong>teragnostica <\/strong>(uso diagnostico e terapeutico dello stesso costrutto).<\/p>\n\n\n<h2 id=\"tablepress-36-name\" class=\"tablepress-table-name tablepress-table-name-id-36\">Radionuclidi &#8220;di interesse&#8221; per la PET diversi da <sup>11<\/sup>C, <sup>13<\/sup>N, <sup>15<\/sup>O e <sup>18<\/sup>F<\/h2>\n\n<table id=\"tablepress-36\" class=\"tablepress tablepress-id-36 tbody-has-connected-cells\" aria-labelledby=\"tablepress-36-name\" aria-describedby=\"tablepress-36-description\">\n<tbody class=\"row-striping row-hover\">\n<tr class=\"row-1\">\n\t<td rowspan=\"2\" class=\"column-1\"><center><strong>Radionuclide<\/strong><\/center><\/td><td rowspan=\"2\" class=\"column-2\"><center><strong>Emivita (min)<\/strong><\/center><\/td><td rowspan=\"2\" class=\"column-3\"><center><strong>\u03b2 Decadimento<\/strong><\/center><\/td><td rowspan=\"2\" class=\"column-4\"><center><strong>Radioattivit\u00e0 specifica teorica (GBq\/\u03bcmol)<\/strong><\/center><\/td><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"column-5\"><center><strong>Principali emissioni (keV)<br \/>\n<\/strong><\/center><\/td><td rowspan=\"2\" class=\"column-7\"><center><strong>Fonte<br \/>\n<\/strong><\/center><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-2\">\n\t<td class=\"column-5\"><center><strong>E<sub>max<\/sub>\u03b2<sup>+<\/sup><\/strong><\/center><\/td><td class=\"column-6\"><center><strong>Picchi principali di EC<\/strong><\/center><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-3\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">Rubidio-82 (<sup>82<\/sup>Rb)<\/td><td class=\"column-2\"><center>1.3 min<\/center><\/td><td class=\"column-3\"><center>\u03b2<sup>+<\/sup> 96%<\/center><\/td><td class=\"column-4\"><center>5.4 \u00d7 10<sup>6<\/sup><\/center><\/td><td class=\"column-5\"><center>3350<br \/>\n2580<\/center><\/td><td class=\"column-6\"><center>776<\/center><\/td><td class=\"column-7\"><center>Generatore<br \/>\r\n<sup>82<\/sup>Sr\/<sup>82<\/sup>Rb<\/center><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-4\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">Rame-62 (<sup>62<\/sup>Cu)<\/td><td class=\"column-2\"><center>9.8 min<\/center><\/td><td class=\"column-3\"><center>\u03b2<sup>+<\/sup> 98%<\/center><\/td><td class=\"column-4\"><center>7.1 \u00d7 10<sup>5<\/sup><\/center><\/td><td class=\"column-5\"><center>2930<\/center><\/td><td class=\"column-6\"><center>1172<\/center><\/td><td class=\"column-7\"><center>Generatore<br \/>\r\n<sup>62<\/sup>Zn\/<sup>62<\/sup>Cu<\/center><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-5\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">Tecnezio-94m (<sup>94m<\/sup>Tc)<\/td><td class=\"column-2\"><center>52 min<\/center><\/td><td class=\"column-3\"><center>\u03b2<sup>+<\/sup> 70%<\/center><\/td><td class=\"column-4\"><center>1.3 \u00d7 10<sup>5<\/sup><\/center><\/td><td class=\"column-5\"><center>2500<\/center><\/td><td class=\"column-6\"><center>871<\/center><\/td><td class=\"column-7\"><center>Ciclotrone<br \/>\n<sup>94<\/sup>Mo(p,n)\/<sup>94m<\/sup>Tc<\/center><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-6\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">Gallio-68 (<sup>68<\/sup>Ga)<\/td><td class=\"column-2\"><center>68 min<\/center><\/td><td class=\"column-3\"><center>\u03b2<sup>+<\/sup> 89%<\/center><\/td><td class=\"column-4\"><center>1.0 \u00d7 10<sup>5<\/sup><\/center><\/td><td class=\"column-5\"><center>1900<\/center><\/td><td class=\"column-6\"><center>1077<\/center><\/td><td class=\"column-7\"><center>Generatore<br \/>\n<sup>68<\/sup>Ge\/<sup>68<\/sup>Ga<\/center><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-7\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">Iodio-120 (<sup>120<\/sup>I)<\/td><td class=\"column-2\"><center>1.4 h<\/center><\/td><td class=\"column-3\"><center>\u03b2<sup>+<\/sup> 56%<\/center><\/td><td class=\"column-4\"><center>8.3 \u00d7 10<sup>4<\/sup><\/center><\/td><td class=\"column-5\"><center>4000<\/center><\/td><td class=\"column-6\"><center>1523<br \/>\n640<\/center><\/td><td class=\"column-7\"><center>Ciclotrone<br \/>\n<sup>120<\/sup>Te(p,n)\/<sup>120<\/sup>I<\/center><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-8\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">Rame-61 (<sup>61<\/sup>Cu)<\/td><td class=\"column-2\"><center>3.3 h<\/center><\/td><td class=\"column-3\"><center>\u03b2<sup>+<\/sup> 62%<\/center><\/td><td class=\"column-4\"><center>3.5 \u00d7 10<sup>4<\/sup><\/center><\/td><td class=\"column-5\"><center>1150<br \/>\n1200<\/center><\/td><td class=\"column-6\"><center>940<br \/>\n560<\/center><\/td><td class=\"column-7\"><center>Ciclotrone<br \/>\n<sup>61<\/sup>Ni(p,n)\/<sup>61<\/sup>Cu<\/center><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-9\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">Rame-64 (<sup>64<\/sup>Cu)<\/td><td class=\"column-2\"><center>12.7 h<\/center><\/td><td class=\"column-3\"><center>\u03b2<sup>+<\/sup> 18%<br \/>\n\u03b2<sup>&#8211;<\/sup> 37%<\/center><\/td><td class=\"column-4\"><center>9.1 \u00d7 10<sup>3<\/sup><\/center><\/td><td class=\"column-5\"><center>657<\/center><\/td><td class=\"column-6\"><center>1346<\/center><\/td><td class=\"column-7\"><center>Ciclotrone<br \/>\n<sup>64<\/sup>Ni(p,n)\/<sup>64<\/sup>Cu<\/center><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-10\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">Ittrio-86 (<sup>86<\/sup>Y)<\/td><td class=\"column-2\"><center>14.7 h<\/center><\/td><td class=\"column-3\"><center>\u03b2<sup>+<\/sup> 34%<\/center><\/td><td class=\"column-4\"><center>7.9 \u00d7 10<sup>3<\/sup><\/center><\/td><td class=\"column-5\"><center>1220<br \/>\n1578<\/center><\/td><td class=\"column-6\"><center>1077<br \/>\n628\u2013443<\/center><\/td><td class=\"column-7\"><center>Ciclotrone<br \/>\n<sup>86<\/sup>Sr(p,n)\/<sup>86<\/sup>Y<\/center><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-11\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">Zirconio-89 (<sup>89<\/sup>Zr)<\/td><td class=\"column-2\"><center>78.4 h<\/center><\/td><td class=\"column-3\"><center>\u03b2<sup>+<\/sup> 23%<\/center><\/td><td class=\"column-4\"><center>1.5 \u00d7 10<sup>3<\/sup><\/center><\/td><td class=\"column-5\"><center>902<\/center><\/td><td class=\"column-6\"><center>909<\/center><\/td><td class=\"column-7\"><center>Ciclotrone<br \/>\n<sup>89<\/sup>Y(p,n)\/<sup>89<\/sup>Zr<\/center><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-12\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">Iodio-124 (<sup>124<\/sup>I)<\/td><td class=\"column-2\"><center>4.2 d<\/center><\/td><td class=\"column-3\"><center>\u03b2<sup>+<\/sup> 23%<\/center><\/td><td class=\"column-4\"><center>1.2 \u00d7 10<sup>3<\/sup><\/center><\/td><td class=\"column-5\"><center>1532<br \/>\n2135<\/center><\/td><td class=\"column-6\"><center>603<br \/>\n1691<\/center><\/td><td class=\"column-7\"><center>Ciclotrone<br \/>\n<sup>124<\/sup>Te(p,n)\/<sup>124<\/sup>I<\/center><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<span id=\"tablepress-36-description\" class=\"tablepress-table-description tablepress-table-description-id-36\">\u03b2<sup>+<\/sup>, positrone; EC, cattura elettronica; d, giorni; h, ore; min, minuti<\/span>\n<!-- #tablepress-36 from cache -->\n\n<div id=\"bmscience730147709\" style=\"margin-top: 15px;margin-bottom: 15px;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/amzn.to\/3SoEfdS\" target=\"_blank\" aria-label=\"Screenshot 2025-05-28 195542\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/bmscience.net\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Screenshot-2025-05-28-195542.png\" alt=\"\"  srcset=\"https:\/\/bmscience.net\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Screenshot-2025-05-28-195542.png 1438w, https:\/\/bmscience.net\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Screenshot-2025-05-28-195542-300x61.png 300w, https:\/\/bmscience.net\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Screenshot-2025-05-28-195542-1024x207.png 1024w, https:\/\/bmscience.net\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Screenshot-2025-05-28-195542-768x155.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1438px) 100vw, 1438px\" width=\"1438\" height=\"290\"  style=\"display: inline-block;\" \/><\/a><\/div>\n\n\n<p>Il <sup>68<\/sup>Ga ha aperto la strada ai prodotti del generatore PET (<strong>generatori <sup>68<\/sup>Ge\/<sup>68<\/sup>Ga<\/strong>). <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Alcuni radionuclidi possono essere impiegati clinicamente nella loro forma elementare, come il fluoro [<sup>18<\/sup>F]sodico, lo ioduro di sodio [<sup>124<\/sup>I] o l&#8217;ossigeno [<sup>15<\/sup>O]. Per la maggior parte delle applicazioni sono legati a una struttura molecolare che conferisce al radiotracciante la funzione desiderata in vivo.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignright size-large is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/amzn.to\/4aTddDr\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"817\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bmscience.net\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/610uHTJ76qL._SL1036_-817x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-18269\" style=\"width:165px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/bmscience.net\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/610uHTJ76qL._SL1036_-817x1024.jpg 817w, https:\/\/bmscience.net\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/610uHTJ76qL._SL1036_-239x300.jpg 239w, https:\/\/bmscience.net\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/610uHTJ76qL._SL1036_-768x962.jpg 768w, https:\/\/bmscience.net\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/610uHTJ76qL._SL1036_.jpg 827w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 817px) 100vw, 817px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/amzn.to\/4aTddDr\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Acquista ora<\/a><\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p>La forma chimica del radionuclide e le sue caratteristiche come elemento chimico influenzano le reazioni chimiche attraverso le quali questo &#8220;precursore&#8221; viene incorporato in qualsiasi radiotracciante. Ad esempio, il <sup>18<\/sup>F pu\u00f2 essere prodotto sia come sale di fluoruro ([<sup>18<\/sup>F]NaF) che come fluoro elementare ([<sup>18<\/sup>F]F<sub>2<\/sub>). Queste due forme chimiche, o precursori, hanno comportamenti chimici completamente diversi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Per definizione, i radionuclidi mantengono la caratteristica chimica dell&#8217;elemento a cui appartengono. Pertanto, mentre la chimica di <strong>C<\/strong>, <strong>O<\/strong>, <strong>N <\/strong>e <strong>F<\/strong> si basa sulla formazione di legami covalenti, possono essere considerati legami alternativi per altri elementi. Ad esempio, i metalli possono formare composti non-stechiometrici chiamati <strong>complessi di coordinazione<\/strong>, in cui costituiscono il nucleo del complesso e si legano stabilmente a gruppi chelanti (ligandi) adatti nella loro sfera di coordinazione. Questi legami covalenti di coordinazione sono alla base della chimica del tecnezio cos\u00ec come per i metalli emettitori di \u03b2<sup>+<\/sup>, quali il <sup>68<\/sup>Ga, <sup>89<\/sup>Zr e <sup>64<\/sup>Cu. Per formare complessi di coordinazione stabili, deve esistere una stretta relazione tra l&#8217;elemento (raggio ionico, configurazione elettronica) e il ligando o i ligandi (dimensione della molecola, numero e natura dei gruppi coordinanti nella molecola).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p><em>Fonte:&nbsp;<\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.amazon.it\/gp\/search?ie=UTF8&amp;tag=bmscience.net-21&amp;linkCode=ur2&amp;linkId=26836e739cfede8ee8de1cdbb724998c&amp;camp=3414&amp;creative=21718&amp;index=books&amp;keywords=Fondamenti%20di%20medicina%20nucleare.%20Tecniche%20e%20applicazioni\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Fondamenti di medicina nucleare. Tecniche e applicazioni.<\/a><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n<div id=\"bmscience2410451160\" style=\"margin-top: 15px;margin-bottom: 15px;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/amzn.to\/4k1fShA\" target=\"_blank\" aria-label=\"2f38a0b9-3bd0-43d0-aea0-c05a33332c2e._CR0,0,3000,600_SX1920_\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/bmscience.net\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/2f38a0b9-3bd0-43d0-aea0-c05a33332c2e._CR003000600_SX1920_.jpg\" alt=\"\"  srcset=\"https:\/\/bmscience.net\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/2f38a0b9-3bd0-43d0-aea0-c05a33332c2e._CR003000600_SX1920_.jpg 1920w, https:\/\/bmscience.net\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/2f38a0b9-3bd0-43d0-aea0-c05a33332c2e._CR003000600_SX1920_-300x60.jpg 300w, https:\/\/bmscience.net\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/2f38a0b9-3bd0-43d0-aea0-c05a33332c2e._CR003000600_SX1920_-1024x205.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/bmscience.net\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/2f38a0b9-3bd0-43d0-aea0-c05a33332c2e._CR003000600_SX1920_-768x154.jpg 768w, https:\/\/bmscience.net\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/2f38a0b9-3bd0-43d0-aea0-c05a33332c2e._CR003000600_SX1920_-1536x307.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" width=\"1920\" height=\"384\"  style=\"display: inline-block;\" \/><\/a><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>La radiochimica PET comporta la produzione dei radionuclidi emettitori di \u03b2+ e la purificazione e incorporazione del radionuclide emettitore di \u03b2+ nel radiotracciante diagnostico. Tre caratteristiche principali del radionuclide dipendono dalla metodologia utilizzata: Attualmente \u00e8 possibile fare affidamento su una serie di blocchi costruttivi radiochimici, basati sui radionuclidi &#8220;fisiologici&#8221;. Diversi radionuclidi sono attualmente presi in&hellip;<\/p>\n<p class=\"more\"><a class=\"more-link\" href=\"https:\/\/bmscience.net\/blog\/radionuclidi-emettitori-di-positroni-e-chimica-di-base\/\">Continue reading <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Radionuclidi emettitori di positroni e chimica di base<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":25897,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"advgb_blocks_editor_width":"","advgb_blocks_columns_visual_guide":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[7],"tags":[8225,8224,8223,8221,8222],"class_list":["post-20477","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-medicina-nucleare","tag-complessi-di-coordinazione","tag-generatore-pet","tag-generatori-68ge-68ga","tag-radiotracciante-diagnostico","tag-teragnostica","entry"],"author_meta":{"display_name":"Raffo Coco","author_link":"https:\/\/bmscience.net\/blog\/author\/raffo\/"},"featured_img":"https:\/\/bmscience.net\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/unnamed-300x164.jpg","coauthors":[],"tax_additional":{"categories":{"linked":["<a href=\"https:\/\/bmscience.net\/blog\/category\/medicina\/medicina-nucleare\/\" class=\"advgb-post-tax-term\">Medicina Nucleare<\/a>"],"unlinked":["<span class=\"advgb-post-tax-term\">Medicina Nucleare<\/span>"]},"tags":{"linked":["<a href=\"https:\/\/bmscience.net\/blog\/category\/medicina\/medicina-nucleare\/\" class=\"advgb-post-tax-term\">complessi di coordinazione<\/a>","<a href=\"https:\/\/bmscience.net\/blog\/category\/medicina\/medicina-nucleare\/\" class=\"advgb-post-tax-term\">generatore PET<\/a>","<a href=\"https:\/\/bmscience.net\/blog\/category\/medicina\/medicina-nucleare\/\" class=\"advgb-post-tax-term\">generatori 68Ge\/68Ga<\/a>","<a href=\"https:\/\/bmscience.net\/blog\/category\/medicina\/medicina-nucleare\/\" class=\"advgb-post-tax-term\">radiotracciante diagnostico<\/a>","<a href=\"https:\/\/bmscience.net\/blog\/category\/medicina\/medicina-nucleare\/\" class=\"advgb-post-tax-term\">teragnostica<\/a>"],"unlinked":["<span class=\"advgb-post-tax-term\">complessi di coordinazione<\/span>","<span class=\"advgb-post-tax-term\">generatore PET<\/span>","<span class=\"advgb-post-tax-term\">generatori 68Ge\/68Ga<\/span>","<span class=\"advgb-post-tax-term\">radiotracciante diagnostico<\/span>","<span class=\"advgb-post-tax-term\">teragnostica<\/span>"]}},"comment_count":"0","relative_dates":{"created":"Pubblicato 2 anni fa","modified":"Aggiornato 6 mesi fa"},"absolute_dates":{"created":"Pubblicato il 23\/03\/2024","modified":"Aggiornato il 02\/12\/2025"},"absolute_dates_time":{"created":"Pubblicato il 23\/03\/2024 21:32","modified":"Aggiornato il 02\/12\/2025 18:18"},"featured_img_caption":"","series_order":"","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/bmscience.net\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/20477","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/bmscience.net\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/bmscience.net\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bmscience.net\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bmscience.net\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=20477"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/bmscience.net\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/20477\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bmscience.net\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/25897"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/bmscience.net\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=20477"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bmscience.net\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=20477"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bmscience.net\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=20477"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}